Merge 6aa99922a6 into 8d9b660eb1

Cargo.toml

@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ error-stack = {version="0.4.0", default-features=false, features=["std"]}
 async-trait = {version="0.1.76", default-features=false}
 regex = {version="1.9.4", features=["perf"], default-features = false}
 smallvec = {version="1.13.1", features=["union", "serde"], default-features=false}
-futures = {version="0.3.28", default-features=false}
-dhat = {version="0.3.3", optional = true, default-features=false}
+futures = {version="0.3.30", default-features=false, features=["alloc"]}
+dhat = {version="0.3.2", optional = true, default-features=false}
 mimalloc = { version = "0.1.38", default-features = false }
 async-once-cell = {version="0.5.3", default-features=false}
 actix-governor = {version="0.5.0", default-features=false}

src/bin/websurfx.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 #[cfg(not(feature = "dhat-heap"))]
 use mimalloc::MiMalloc;
 
-use std::net::TcpListener;
+use std::{net::TcpListener, sync::OnceLock};
 use websurfx::{cache::cacher::create_cache, config::parser::Config, run};
 
 /// A dhat heap memory profiler
@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@ static ALLOC: dhat::Alloc = dhat::Alloc;
 #[global_allocator]
 static GLOBAL: MiMalloc = MiMalloc;
 
+/// A static constant for holding the parsed config.
+static CONFIG: OnceLock<Config> = OnceLock::new();
+
 /// The function that launches the main server and registers all the routes of the website.
 ///
 /// # Error
@@ -29,10 +32,10 @@ async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
     #[cfg(feature = "dhat-heap")]
     let _profiler = dhat::Profiler::new_heap();
 
-    // Initialize the parsed config file.
-    let config = Config::parse(false).unwrap();
+    // Initialize the parsed config globally.
+    let config = CONFIG.get_or_init(|| Config::parse(false).unwrap());
 
-    let cache = create_cache(&config).await;
+    let cache = create_cache(config).await;
 
     log::info!(
         "started server on port {} and IP {}",
@@ -45,7 +48,7 @@ async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
         config.port,
     );
 
-    let listener = TcpListener::bind((config.binding_ip.clone(), config.port))?;
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind((config.binding_ip.as_str(), config.port))?;
 
     run(listener, config, cache)?.await
 }

src/cache/redis_cacher.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
 //! This module provides the functionality to cache the aggregated results fetched and aggregated
 //! from the upstream search engines in a json format.
 
+use super::error::CacheError;
 use error_stack::Report;
-use futures::future::try_join_all;
+use futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
 use redis::{aio::ConnectionManager, AsyncCommands, Client, RedisError};
 
-use super::error::CacheError;
+/// A constant holding the redis pipeline size.
+const REDIS_PIPELINE_SIZE: usize = 3;
 
 /// A named struct which stores the redis Connection url address to which the client will
 /// connect to.
-#[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct RedisCache {
     /// It stores a pool of connections ready to be used.
     connection_pool: Vec<ConnectionManager>,
@@ -20,6 +21,8 @@ pub struct RedisCache {
     current_connection: u8,
     /// It stores the max TTL for keys.
     cache_ttl: u16,
+    /// It stores the redis pipeline struct of size 3.
+    pipeline: redis::Pipeline,
 }
 
 impl RedisCache {
@@ -30,6 +33,8 @@ impl RedisCache {
     /// * `redis_connection_url` - It takes the redis Connection url address.
     /// * `pool_size` - It takes the size of the connection pool (in other words the number of
     /// connections that should be stored in the pool).
+    /// * `cache_ttl` - It takes the the time to live for cached results to live in the redis
+    /// server.
     ///
     /// # Error
     ///
@@ -41,18 +46,28 @@ impl RedisCache {
         cache_ttl: u16,
     ) -> Result<Self, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
         let client = Client::open(redis_connection_url)?;
-        let mut tasks: Vec<_> = Vec::new();
+        let tasks: FuturesUnordered<_> = FuturesUnordered::new();
 
         for _ in 0..pool_size {
-            tasks.push(client.get_connection_manager());
+            let client_partially_cloned = client.clone();
+            tasks.push(tokio::spawn(async move {
+                client_partially_cloned.get_connection_manager().await
+            }));
+        }
+
+        let mut outputs = Vec::new();
+        for task in tasks {
+            outputs.push(task.await??);
         }
 
         let redis_cache = RedisCache {
-            connection_pool: try_join_all(tasks).await?,
+            connection_pool: outputs,
             pool_size,
             current_connection: Default::default(),
             cache_ttl,
+            pipeline: redis::Pipeline::with_capacity(REDIS_PIPELINE_SIZE),
         };
+
         Ok(redis_cache)
     }
 
@@ -122,13 +137,14 @@ impl RedisCache {
         keys: impl Iterator<Item = String>,
     ) -> Result<(), Report<CacheError>> {
         self.current_connection = Default::default();
-        let mut pipeline = redis::Pipeline::with_capacity(3);
 
         for (key, json_result) in keys.zip(json_results) {
-            pipeline.set_ex(key, json_result, self.cache_ttl.into());
+            self.pipeline
+                .set_ex(key, json_result, self.cache_ttl.into());
         }
 
-        let mut result: Result<(), RedisError> = pipeline
+        let mut result: Result<(), RedisError> = self
+            .pipeline
             .query_async(&mut self.connection_pool[self.current_connection as usize])
             .await;
 
@@ -149,7 +165,8 @@ impl RedisCache {
                                 CacheError::PoolExhaustionWithConnectionDropError,
                             ));
                         }
-                        result = pipeline
+                        result = self
+                            .pipeline
                             .query_async(
                                 &mut self.connection_pool[self.current_connection as usize],
                             )

src/config/parser.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ use mlua::Lua;
 use std::{collections::HashMap, fs, thread::available_parallelism};
 
 /// A named struct which stores the parsed config file options.
-#[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Config {
     /// It stores the parsed port number option on which the server should launch.
     pub port: u16,

src/engines/bing.rs

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ impl SearchEngine for Bing {
         user_agent: &str,
         client: &Client,
         _safe_search: u8,
-    ) -> Result<HashMap<String, SearchResult>, EngineError> {
+    ) -> Result<Vec<(String, SearchResult)>, EngineError> {
         // Bing uses `start results from this number` convention
         // So, for 10 results per page, page 0 starts at 1, page 1
         // starts at 11, and so on.

src/engines/brave.rs

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ impl SearchEngine for Brave {
         user_agent: &str,
         client: &Client,
         safe_search: u8,
-    ) -> Result<HashMap<String, SearchResult>, EngineError> {
+    ) -> Result<Vec<(String, SearchResult)>, EngineError> {
         let url = format!("https://search.brave.com/search?q={query}&offset={page}");
 
         let safe_search_level = match safe_search {

src/engines/duckduckgo.rs

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ impl SearchEngine for DuckDuckGo {
         user_agent: &str,
         client: &Client,
         _safe_search: u8,
-    ) -> Result<HashMap<String, SearchResult>, EngineError> {
+    ) -> Result<Vec<(String, SearchResult)>, EngineError> {
         // Page number can be missing or empty string and so appropriate handling is required
         // so that upstream server recieves valid page number.
         let url: String = match page {

src/engines/librex.rs

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ impl SearchEngine for LibreX {
         user_agent: &str,
         client: &Client,
         _safe_search: u8,
-    ) -> Result<HashMap<String, SearchResult>, EngineError> {
+    ) -> Result<Vec<(String, SearchResult)>, EngineError> {
         // Page number can be missing or empty string and so appropriate handling is required
         // so that upstream server recieves valid page number.
         let url: String = format!(

src/engines/mojeek.rs

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ impl SearchEngine for Mojeek {
         user_agent: &str,
         client: &Client,
         safe_search: u8,
-    ) -> Result<HashMap<String, SearchResult>, EngineError> {
+    ) -> Result<Vec<(String, SearchResult)>, EngineError> {
         // Mojeek uses `start results from this number` convention
         // So, for 10 results per page, page 0 starts at 1, page 1
         // starts at 11, and so on.
@@ -72,8 +72,23 @@ impl SearchEngine for Mojeek {
             "Yep",
             "You",
         ];
+
         let qss = search_engines.join("%2C");
-        let safe = if safe_search == 0 { "0" } else { "1" };
+
+        // A branchless condition to check whether the `safe_search` parameter has the
+        // value 0 or not. If it is zero then it sets the value 0 otherwise it sets
+        // the value to 1 for all other values of `safe_search`
+        //
+        // Moreover, the below branchless code is equivalent to the following code below:
+        //
+        // ```rust
+        // let safe = if safe_search == 0 { 0 } else { 1 }.to_string();
+        // ```
+        //
+        // For more information on branchless programming. See:
+        //
+        // * https://piped.video/watch?v=bVJ-mWWL7cE
+        let safe = u8::from(safe_search != 0).to_string();
 
         // Mojeek detects automated requests, these are preferences that are
         // able to circumvent the countermeasure. Some of these are
@@ -89,7 +104,7 @@ impl SearchEngine for Mojeek {
             ("hp", "minimal"),
             ("lb", "en"),
             ("qss", &qss),
-            ("safe", safe),
+            ("safe", &safe),
         ];
 
         let mut query_params_string = String::new();

src/engines/search_result_parser.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //! This modules provides helper functionalities for parsing a html document into internal SearchResult.
-use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 use crate::models::{aggregation_models::SearchResult, engine_models::EngineError};
 use error_stack::{Report, Result};
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ impl SearchResultParser {
         &self,
         document: &Html,
         builder: impl Fn(&ElementRef<'_>, &ElementRef<'_>, &ElementRef<'_>) -> Option<SearchResult>,
-    ) -> Result<HashMap<String, SearchResult>, EngineError> {
+    ) -> Result<Vec<(String, SearchResult)>, EngineError> {
         let res = document
             .select(&self.results)
             .filter_map(|result| {

src/engines/searx.rs

@@ -43,12 +43,21 @@ impl SearchEngine for Searx {
         user_agent: &str,
         client: &Client,
         mut safe_search: u8,
-    ) -> Result<HashMap<String, SearchResult>, EngineError> {
-        // Page number can be missing or empty string and so appropriate handling is required
-        // so that upstream server recieves valid page number.
-        if safe_search == 3 {
-            safe_search = 2;
-        };
+    ) -> Result<Vec<(String, SearchResult)>, EngineError> {
+        // A branchless condition to check whether the `safe_search` parameter has the
+        // value greater than equal to three or not. If it is, then it modifies the
+        // `safesearch` parameters value to 2.
+        //
+        // Moreover, the below branchless code is equivalent to the following code below:
+        //
+        // ```rust
+        // safe_search = u8::from(safe_search == 3) * 2;
+        // ```
+        //
+        // For more information on branchless programming. See:
+        //
+        // * https://piped.video/watch?v=bVJ-mWWL7cE
+        safe_search = u8::from(safe_search >= 3) * 2;
 
         let url: String = format!(
             "https://searx.be/search?q={query}&pageno={}&safesearch={safe_search}",

src/engines/startpage.rs

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ impl SearchEngine for Startpage {
         user_agent: &str,
         client: &Client,
         _safe_search: u8,
-    ) -> Result<HashMap<String, SearchResult>, EngineError> {
+    ) -> Result<Vec<(String, SearchResult)>, EngineError> {
         // Page number can be missing or empty string and so appropriate handling is required
         // so that upstream server recieves valid page number.
         let url: String = format!(

src/lib.rs

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub mod results;
 pub mod server;
 pub mod templates;
 
-use std::net::TcpListener;
+use std::{net::TcpListener, sync::OnceLock};
 
 use crate::server::router;
 
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ use cache::cacher::{Cacher, SharedCache};
 use config::parser::Config;
 use handler::{file_path, FileType};
 
+/// A static constant for holding the cache struct.
+static SHARED_CACHE: OnceLock<SharedCache> = OnceLock::new();
+
 /// Runs the web server on the provided TCP listener and returns a `Server` instance.
 ///
 /// # Arguments
@@ -44,27 +47,29 @@ use handler::{file_path, FileType};
 /// # Example
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// use std::net::TcpListener;
+/// use std::{net::TcpListener, sync::OnceLock};
 /// use websurfx::{config::parser::Config, run, cache::cacher::create_cache};
 ///
+/// /// A static constant for holding the parsed config.
+/// static CONFIG: OnceLock<Config> = OnceLock::new();
+///
 /// #[tokio::main]
 /// async fn main(){
-///     let config = Config::parse(true).unwrap();
+///     // Initialize the parsed config globally.
+///     let config = CONFIG.get_or_init(|| Config::parse(true).unwrap());
 ///     let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:8080").expect("Failed to bind address");
-///     let cache = create_cache(&config).await;
-///     let server = run(listener,config,cache).expect("Failed to start server");
+///     let cache = create_cache(config).await;
+///     let server = run(listener,&config,cache).expect("Failed to start server");
 /// }
 /// ```
 pub fn run(
     listener: TcpListener,
-    config: Config,
+    config: &'static Config,
     cache: impl Cacher + 'static,
 ) -> std::io::Result<Server> {
     let public_folder_path: &str = file_path(FileType::Theme)?;
 
-    let cloned_config_threads_opt: u8 = config.threads;
-
-    let cache = web::Data::new(SharedCache::new(cache));
+    let cache = SHARED_CACHE.get_or_init(|| SharedCache::new(cache));
 
     let server = HttpServer::new(move || {
         let cors: Cors = Cors::default()
@@ -81,8 +86,8 @@ pub fn run(
             // Compress the responses provided by the server for the client requests.
             .wrap(Compress::default())
             .wrap(Logger::default()) // added logging middleware for logging.
-            .app_data(web::Data::new(config.clone()))
-            .app_data(cache.clone())
+            .app_data(web::Data::new(config))
+            .app_data(web::Data::new(cache))
             .wrap(cors)
             .wrap(Governor::new(
                 &GovernorConfigBuilder::default()
@@ -107,7 +112,7 @@ pub fn run(
             .service(router::settings) // settings page
             .default_service(web::route().to(router::not_found)) // error page
     })
-    .workers(cloned_config_threads_opt as usize)
+    .workers(config.threads as usize)
     // Start server on 127.0.0.1 with the user provided port number. for example 127.0.0.1:8080.
     .listen(listener)?
     .run();

src/models/aggregation_models.rs

@@ -154,8 +154,8 @@ impl SearchResults {
     }
 
     /// A setter function that sets the filtered to true.
-    pub fn set_filtered(&mut self) {
-        self.filtered = true;
+    pub fn set_filtered(&mut self, filtered: bool) {
+        self.filtered = filtered;
     }
 
     /// A getter function that gets the value of `engine_errors_info`.

src/models/engine_models.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 use super::aggregation_models::SearchResult;
 use error_stack::{Report, Result, ResultExt};
 use reqwest::Client;
-use std::{collections::HashMap, fmt};
+use std::fmt;
 
 /// A custom error type used for handle engine associated errors.
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ pub trait SearchEngine: Sync + Send {
         user_agent: &str,
         client: &Client,
         safe_search: u8,
-    ) -> Result<HashMap<String, SearchResult>, EngineError>;
+    ) -> Result<Vec<(String, SearchResult)>, EngineError>;
 }
 
 /// A named struct which stores the engine struct with the name of the associated engine.

src/models/parser_models.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 /// order to allow the deserializing the json back to struct in aggregate function in
 /// aggregator.rs and create a new struct out of it and then serialize it back to json and pass
 /// it to the template files.
-#[derive(Clone, Default)]
+#[derive(Default)]
 pub struct Style {
     /// It stores the parsed theme option used to set a theme for the website.
     pub theme: String,
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ impl Style {
 }
 
 /// Configuration options for the aggregator.
-#[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct AggregatorConfig {
     /// It stores the option to whether enable or disable random delays between
     /// requests.
@@ -48,7 +47,6 @@ pub struct AggregatorConfig {
 }
 
 /// Configuration options for the rate limiter middleware.
-#[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct RateLimiter {
     /// The number of request that are allowed within a provided time limit.
     pub number_of_requests: u8,

src/results/aggregator.rs

@@ -9,22 +9,25 @@ use crate::models::{
     engine_models::{EngineError, EngineHandler},
 };
 use error_stack::Report;
+use futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
 use regex::Regex;
 use reqwest::{Client, ClientBuilder};
+use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+use std::{fs::File, io::BufRead};
 use std::{
-    collections::HashMap,
     io::{BufReader, Read},
     time::Duration,
 };
-use std::{fs::File, io::BufRead};
 use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
 
 /// A constant for holding the prebuilt Client globally in the app.
 static CLIENT: std::sync::OnceLock<Client> = std::sync::OnceLock::new();
 
 /// Aliases for long type annotations
-type FutureVec = Vec<JoinHandle<Result<HashMap<String, SearchResult>, Report<EngineError>>>>;
+
+type FutureVec =
+    FuturesUnordered<JoinHandle<Result<Vec<(String, SearchResult)>, Report<EngineError>>>>;
 
 /// The function aggregates the scraped results from the user-selected upstream search engines.
 /// These engines can be chosen either from the user interface (UI) or from the configuration file.
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ type FutureVec = Vec<JoinHandle<Result<HashMap<String, SearchResult>, Report<Eng
 ///
 /// Additionally, the function eliminates duplicate results. If two results are identified as coming from
 /// multiple engines, their names are combined to indicate that the results were fetched from these upstream
-/// engines. After this, all the data in the `HashMap` is removed and placed into a struct that contains all
+/// engines. After this, all the data in the `Vec` is removed and placed into a struct that contains all
 /// the aggregated results in a vector. Furthermore, the query used is also added to the struct. This step is
 /// necessary to ensure that the search bar in the search remains populated even when searched from the query URL.
 ///
@@ -94,15 +97,22 @@ pub async fn aggregate(
     let mut names: Vec<&str> = Vec::with_capacity(0);
 
     // create tasks for upstream result fetching
-    let mut tasks: FutureVec = FutureVec::new();
+    let tasks: FutureVec = FutureVec::new();
 
+    let query: Arc<String> = Arc::new(query.to_string());
     for engine_handler in upstream_search_engines {
-        let (name, search_engine) = engine_handler.to_owned().into_name_engine();
+        let (name, search_engine) = engine_handler.clone().into_name_engine();
         names.push(name);
-        let query: String = query.to_owned();
+        let query_partially_cloned = query.clone();
         tasks.push(tokio::spawn(async move {
             search_engine
-                .results(&query, page, user_agent, client, safe_search)
+                .results(
+                    &query_partially_cloned,
+                    page,
+                    user_agent,
+                    client,
+                    safe_search,
+                )
                 .await
         }));
     }
@@ -117,7 +127,7 @@ pub async fn aggregate(
     }
 
     // aggregate search results, removing duplicates and handling errors the upstream engines returned
-    let mut result_map: HashMap<String, SearchResult> = HashMap::new();
+    let mut result_map: Vec<(String, SearchResult)> = Vec::new();
     let mut engine_errors_info: Vec<EngineErrorInfo> = Vec::new();
 
     let mut handle_error = |error: &Report<EngineError>, engine_name: &'static str| {
@@ -134,35 +144,27 @@ pub async fn aggregate(
 
         if result_map.is_empty() {
             match response {
-                Ok(results) => {
-                    result_map = results.clone();
-                }
-                Err(error) => {
-                    handle_error(&error, engine);
-                }
-            }
+                Ok(results) => result_map = results,
+                Err(error) => handle_error(&error, engine),
+            };
             continue;
         }
 
         match response {
             Ok(result) => {
                 result.into_iter().for_each(|(key, value)| {
-                    result_map
-                        .entry(key)
-                        .and_modify(|result| {
-                            result.add_engines(engine);
-                        })
-                        .or_insert_with(|| -> SearchResult { value });
+                    match result_map.iter().find(|(key_s, _)| key_s == &key) {
+                        Some(value) => value.1.to_owned().add_engines(engine),
+                        None => result_map.push((key, value)),
+                    };
                 });
             }
-            Err(error) => {
-                handle_error(&error, engine);
-            }
-        }
+            Err(error) => handle_error(&error, engine),
+        };
     }
 
     if safe_search >= 3 {
-        let mut blacklist_map: HashMap<String, SearchResult> = HashMap::new();
+        let mut blacklist_map: Vec<(String, SearchResult)> = Vec::new();
         filter_with_lists(
             &mut result_map,
             &mut blacklist_map,
@@ -178,7 +180,7 @@ pub async fn aggregate(
         drop(blacklist_map);
     }
 
-    let results: Vec<SearchResult> = result_map.into_values().collect();
+    let results: Vec<SearchResult> = result_map.iter().map(|(_, value)| value.clone()).collect();
 
     Ok(SearchResults::new(results, &engine_errors_info))
 }
@@ -187,16 +189,16 @@ pub async fn aggregate(
 ///
 /// # Arguments
 ///
-/// * `map_to_be_filtered` - A mutable reference to a `HashMap` of search results to filter, where the filtered results will be removed from.
-/// * `resultant_map` - A mutable reference to a `HashMap` to hold the filtered results.
+/// * `map_to_be_filtered` - A mutable reference to a `Vec` of search results to filter, where the filtered results will be removed from.
+/// * `resultant_map` - A mutable reference to a `Vec` to hold the filtered results.
 /// * `file_path` - A `&str` representing the path to a file containing regex patterns to use for filtering.
 ///
 /// # Errors
 ///
 /// Returns an error if the file at `file_path` cannot be opened or read, or if a regex pattern is invalid.
 pub fn filter_with_lists(
-    map_to_be_filtered: &mut HashMap<String, SearchResult>,
-    resultant_map: &mut HashMap<String, SearchResult>,
+    map_to_be_filtered: &mut Vec<(String, SearchResult)>,
+    resultant_map: &mut Vec<(String, SearchResult)>,
     file_path: &str,
 ) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
     let mut reader = BufReader::new(File::open(file_path)?);
@@ -204,18 +206,23 @@ pub fn filter_with_lists(
     for line in reader.by_ref().lines() {
         let re = Regex::new(line?.trim())?;
 
+        let mut length = map_to_be_filtered.len();
+        let mut idx: usize = Default::default();
         // Iterate over each search result in the map and check if it matches the regex pattern
-        for (url, search_result) in map_to_be_filtered.clone().into_iter() {
-            if re.is_match(&url.to_lowercase())
-                || re.is_match(&search_result.title.to_lowercase())
-                || re.is_match(&search_result.description.to_lowercase())
+        while idx < length {
+            let ele = &map_to_be_filtered[idx];
+            let ele_inner = &ele.1;
+            match re.is_match(&ele.0.to_lowercase())
+                || re.is_match(&ele_inner.title.to_lowercase())
+                || re.is_match(&ele_inner.description.to_lowercase())
             {
-                // If the search result matches the regex pattern, move it from the original map to the resultant map
-                resultant_map.insert(
-                    url.to_owned(),
-                    map_to_be_filtered.remove(&url.to_owned()).unwrap(),
-                );
-            }
+                true => {
+                    // If the search result matches the regex pattern, move it from the original map to the resultant map
+                    resultant_map.push(map_to_be_filtered.swap_remove(idx));
+                    length -= 1;
+                }
+                false => idx += 1,
+            };
         }
     }
 
@@ -226,15 +233,14 @@ pub fn filter_with_lists(
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use smallvec::smallvec;
-    use std::collections::HashMap;
     use std::io::Write;
     use tempfile::NamedTempFile;
 
     #[test]
     fn test_filter_with_lists() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
         // Create a map of search results to filter
-        let mut map_to_be_filtered = HashMap::new();
-        map_to_be_filtered.insert(
+        let mut map_to_be_filtered = Vec::new();
+        map_to_be_filtered.push((
             "https://www.example.com".to_owned(),
             SearchResult {
                 title: "Example Domain".to_owned(),
@@ -243,15 +249,15 @@ mod tests {
                     .to_owned(),
                 engine: smallvec!["Google".to_owned(), "Bing".to_owned()],
             },
-        );
-        map_to_be_filtered.insert(
+        ));
+        map_to_be_filtered.push((
             "https://www.rust-lang.org/".to_owned(),
             SearchResult {
                 title: "Rust Programming Language".to_owned(),
                 url: "https://www.rust-lang.org/".to_owned(),
                 description: "A systems programming language that runs blazingly fast, prevents segfaults, and guarantees thread safety.".to_owned(),
                 engine: smallvec!["Google".to_owned(), "DuckDuckGo".to_owned()],
-            },
+            },)
         );
 
         // Create a temporary file with regex patterns
@@ -260,7 +266,7 @@ mod tests {
         writeln!(file, "rust")?;
         file.flush()?;
 
-        let mut resultant_map = HashMap::new();
+        let mut resultant_map = Vec::new();
         filter_with_lists(
             &mut map_to_be_filtered,
             &mut resultant_map,
@@ -268,8 +274,12 @@ mod tests {
         )?;
 
         assert_eq!(resultant_map.len(), 2);
-        assert!(resultant_map.contains_key("https://www.example.com"));
-        assert!(resultant_map.contains_key("https://www.rust-lang.org/"));
+        assert!(resultant_map
+            .iter()
+            .any(|(key, _)| key == "https://www.example.com"));
+        assert!(resultant_map
+            .iter()
+            .any(|(key, _)| key == "https://www.rust-lang.org/"));
         assert_eq!(map_to_be_filtered.len(), 0);
 
         Ok(())
@@ -277,8 +287,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_filter_with_lists_wildcard() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
-        let mut map_to_be_filtered = HashMap::new();
-        map_to_be_filtered.insert(
+        let mut map_to_be_filtered = Vec::new();
+        map_to_be_filtered.push((
             "https://www.example.com".to_owned(),
             SearchResult {
                 title: "Example Domain".to_owned(),
@@ -287,8 +297,8 @@ mod tests {
                     .to_owned(),
                 engine: smallvec!["Google".to_owned(), "Bing".to_owned()],
             },
-        );
-        map_to_be_filtered.insert(
+        ));
+        map_to_be_filtered.push((
             "https://www.rust-lang.org/".to_owned(),
             SearchResult {
                 title: "Rust Programming Language".to_owned(),
@@ -296,14 +306,14 @@ mod tests {
                 description: "A systems programming language that runs blazingly fast, prevents segfaults, and guarantees thread safety.".to_owned(),
                 engine: smallvec!["Google".to_owned(), "DuckDuckGo".to_owned()],
             },
-        );
+        ));
 
         // Create a temporary file with a regex pattern containing a wildcard
         let mut file = NamedTempFile::new()?;
         writeln!(file, "ex.*le")?;
         file.flush()?;
 
-        let mut resultant_map = HashMap::new();
+        let mut resultant_map = Vec::new();
 
         filter_with_lists(
             &mut map_to_be_filtered,
@@ -312,18 +322,22 @@ mod tests {
         )?;
 
         assert_eq!(resultant_map.len(), 1);
-        assert!(resultant_map.contains_key("https://www.example.com"));
+        assert!(resultant_map
+            .iter()
+            .any(|(key, _)| key == "https://www.example.com"));
         assert_eq!(map_to_be_filtered.len(), 1);
-        assert!(map_to_be_filtered.contains_key("https://www.rust-lang.org/"));
+        assert!(map_to_be_filtered
+            .iter()
+            .any(|(key, _)| key == "https://www.rust-lang.org/"));
 
         Ok(())
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_filter_with_lists_file_not_found() {
-        let mut map_to_be_filtered = HashMap::new();
+        let mut map_to_be_filtered = Vec::new();
 
-        let mut resultant_map = HashMap::new();
+        let mut resultant_map = Vec::new();
 
         // Call the `filter_with_lists` function with a non-existent file path
         let result = filter_with_lists(
@@ -337,8 +351,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_filter_with_lists_invalid_regex() {
-        let mut map_to_be_filtered = HashMap::new();
-        map_to_be_filtered.insert(
+        let mut map_to_be_filtered = Vec::new();
+        map_to_be_filtered.push((
             "https://www.example.com".to_owned(),
             SearchResult {
                 title: "Example Domain".to_owned(),
@@ -347,9 +361,9 @@ mod tests {
                     .to_owned(),
                 engine: smallvec!["Google".to_owned(), "Bing".to_owned()],
             },
-        );
+        ));
 
-        let mut resultant_map = HashMap::new();
+        let mut resultant_map = Vec::new();
 
         // Create a temporary file with an invalid regex pattern
         let mut file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();

src/server/router.rs

@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ use std::fs::read_to_string;
 
 /// Handles the route of index page or main page of the `websurfx` meta search engine website.
 #[get("/")]
-pub async fn index(config: web::Data<Config>) -> Result<HttpResponse, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+pub async fn index(
+    config: web::Data<&'static Config>,
+) -> Result<HttpResponse, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
     Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().content_type(ContentType::html()).body(
         crate::templates::views::index::index(
             &config.style.colorscheme,
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ pub async fn index(config: web::Data<Config>) -> Result<HttpResponse, Box<dyn st
 /// Handles the route of any other accessed route/page which is not provided by the
 /// website essentially the 404 error page.
 pub async fn not_found(
-    config: web::Data<Config>,
+    config: web::Data<&'static Config>,
 ) -> Result<HttpResponse, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
     Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().content_type(ContentType::html()).body(
         crate::templates::views::not_found::not_found(
@@ -49,7 +51,9 @@ pub async fn robots_data(_req: HttpRequest) -> Result<HttpResponse, Box<dyn std:
 
 /// Handles the route of about page of the `websurfx` meta search engine website.
 #[get("/about")]
-pub async fn about(config: web::Data<Config>) -> Result<HttpResponse, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+pub async fn about(
+    config: web::Data<&'static Config>,
+) -> Result<HttpResponse, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
     Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().content_type(ContentType::html()).body(
         crate::templates::views::about::about(
             &config.style.colorscheme,
@@ -63,7 +67,7 @@ pub async fn about(config: web::Data<Config>) -> Result<HttpResponse, Box<dyn st
 /// Handles the route of settings page of the `websurfx` meta search engine website.
 #[get("/settings")]
 pub async fn settings(
-    config: web::Data<Config>,
+    config: web::Data<&'static Config>,
 ) -> Result<HttpResponse, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
     Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().content_type(ContentType::html()).body(
         crate::templates::views::settings::settings(

src/server/routes/search.rs

@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ use tokio::join;
 #[get("/search")]
 pub async fn search(
     req: HttpRequest,
-    config: web::Data<Config>,
-    cache: web::Data<SharedCache>,
+    config: web::Data<&'static Config>,
+    cache: web::Data<&'static SharedCache>,
 ) -> Result<HttpResponse, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
     use std::sync::Arc;
     let params = web::Query::<SearchParams>::from_query(req.query_string())?;
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ pub async fn search(
                 });
 
             search_settings.safe_search_level = get_safesearch_level(
-                &Some(search_settings.safe_search_level),
-                &params.safesearch,
+                params.safesearch,
+                search_settings.safe_search_level,
                 config.safe_search,
             );
 
@@ -158,8 +158,8 @@ pub async fn search(
 /// It returns the `SearchResults` struct if the search results could be successfully fetched from
 /// the cache or from the upstream search engines otherwise it returns an appropriate error.
 async fn results(
-    config: &Config,
-    cache: &web::Data<SharedCache>,
+    config: &'static Config,
+    cache: &'static SharedCache,
     query: &str,
     page: u32,
     search_settings: &server_models::Cookie<'_>,
@@ -225,12 +225,12 @@ async fn results(
                     search_results
                 }
             };
-            if results.engine_errors_info().is_empty()
-                && results.results().is_empty()
-                && !results.no_engines_selected()
-            {
-                results.set_filtered();
-            }
+            let (engine_errors_info, results_empty_check, no_engines_selected) = (
+                results.engine_errors_info().is_empty(),
+                results.results().is_empty(),
+                results.no_engines_selected(),
+            );
+            results.set_filtered(engine_errors_info & results_empty_check & !no_engines_selected);
             cache
                 .cache_results(&[results.clone()], &[cache_key.clone()])
                 .await?;
@@ -267,24 +267,95 @@ fn is_match_from_filter_list(
     Ok(false)
 }
 
-/// A helper function to modify the safe search level based on the url params.
-/// The `safe_search` is the one in the user's cookie or
-/// the default set by the server config if the cookie was missing.
+/// A helper function to choose the safe search level value based on the URL parameters,
+/// cookie value and config value.
 ///
 /// # Argurments
 ///
-/// * `url_level` - Safe search level from the url.
-/// * `safe_search` - User's cookie, or the safe search level set by the server
-/// * `config_level` - Safe search level to fall back to
-fn get_safesearch_level(cookie_level: &Option<u8>, url_level: &Option<u8>, config_level: u8) -> u8 {
-    match url_level {
-        Some(url_level) => {
-            if *url_level >= 3 {
-                config_level
-            } else {
-                *url_level
-            }
+/// * `safe_search_level_from_url` - Safe search level from the URL parameters.
+/// * `cookie_safe_search_level` - Safe search level value from the cookie.
+/// * `config_safe_search_level` - Safe search level value from the config file.
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// Returns an appropriate safe search level value based on the safe search level values
+/// from the URL parameters, cookie and the config file.
+fn get_safesearch_level(
+    safe_search_level_from_url: Option<u8>,
+    cookie_safe_search_level: u8,
+    config_safe_search_level: u8,
+) -> u8 {
+    (u8::from(safe_search_level_from_url.is_some())
+        * ((u8::from(config_safe_search_level >= 3) * config_safe_search_level)
+            + (u8::from(config_safe_search_level < 3) * safe_search_level_from_url.unwrap_or(0))))
+        + (u8::from(safe_search_level_from_url.is_none())
+            * ((u8::from(config_safe_search_level >= 3) * config_safe_search_level)
+                + (u8::from(config_safe_search_level < 3) * cookie_safe_search_level)))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+    /// A helper function which creates a random mock safe search level value.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    ///
+    /// Returns an optional u8 value.
+    fn mock_safe_search_level_value() -> Option<u8> {
+        let nanos = SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+            .subsec_nanos() as f32;
+        let delay = ((nanos / 1_0000_0000 as f32).floor() as i8) - 1;
+
+        match delay {
+            -1 => None,
+            some_num => Some(if some_num > 4 { some_num - 4 } else { some_num } as u8),
         }
-        None => cookie_level.unwrap_or(config_level),
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    /// A test function to test whether the output of the branchless and branched code
+    /// for the code to choose the appropriate safe search level is same or not.
+    fn get_safesearch_level_branched_branchless_code_test() {
+        // Get mock values for the safe search level values for URL parameters, cookie
+        // and config.
+        let safe_search_level_from_url = mock_safe_search_level_value();
+        let cookie_safe_search_level = mock_safe_search_level_value().unwrap_or(0);
+        let config_safe_search_level = mock_safe_search_level_value().unwrap_or(0);
+
+        // Branched code
+        let safe_search_level_value_from_branched_code = match safe_search_level_from_url {
+            Some(safe_search_level_from_url_parsed) => {
+                if config_safe_search_level >= 3 {
+                    config_safe_search_level
+                } else {
+                    safe_search_level_from_url_parsed
+                }
+            }
+            None => {
+                if config_safe_search_level >= 3 {
+                    config_safe_search_level
+                } else {
+                    cookie_safe_search_level
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        // branchless code
+        let safe_search_level_value_from_branchless_code =
+            (u8::from(safe_search_level_from_url.is_some())
+                * ((u8::from(config_safe_search_level >= 3) * config_safe_search_level)
+                    + (u8::from(config_safe_search_level < 3)
+                        * safe_search_level_from_url.unwrap_or(0))))
+                + (u8::from(safe_search_level_from_url.is_none())
+                    * ((u8::from(config_safe_search_level >= 3) * config_safe_search_level)
+                        + (u8::from(config_safe_search_level < 3) * cookie_safe_search_level)));
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            safe_search_level_value_from_branched_code,
+            safe_search_level_value_from_branchless_code
+        );
     }
 }

src/templates/partials/settings_tabs/engines.rs

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ pub fn engines(engine_names: &HashMap<String, bool>) -> Markup {
                               input type="checkbox" class="engine" checked;
                               span class="slider round"{}
                            }
-                           (format!("{}{}",engine_name[..1].to_uppercase().to_owned(), engine_name[1..].to_owned()))
+                           (format!("{}{}",&engine_name[..1].to_uppercase(), &engine_name[1..]))
                        }
                    }
                    @else {
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ pub fn engines(engine_names: &HashMap<String, bool>) -> Markup {
                               input type="checkbox" class="engine";
                               span class="slider round"{}
                            }
-                           (format!("{}{}",engine_name[..1].to_uppercase().to_owned(), engine_name[1..].to_owned()))
+                           (format!("{}{}",&engine_name[..1], &engine_name[1..]))
                        }
                    }
                }

src/templates/partials/settings_tabs/user_interface.rs

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fn style_option_list(
     }
 
     if style_type == "animations" {
-        style_option_names.push(("".to_owned(), "none".to_owned()))
+        style_option_names.push((String::default(), "none".to_owned()))
     }
 
     Ok(style_option_names)
@@ -83,9 +83,11 @@ pub fn user_interface(
                "Select the animation for your theme to be used in user interface"
            }
            select name="animations"{
+               @let default_animation = &String::default();
+               @let animation = animation.as_ref().unwrap_or(default_animation);
                // Sets the user selected animation name from the config file as the first option in the selection list.
-               option value=(animation.as_ref().unwrap_or(&"".to_owned())){(animation.as_ref().unwrap_or(&"".to_owned()).replace('-'," "))}
-               @for (k,v) in style_option_list("animations", animation.as_ref().unwrap_or(&"".to_owned()))?{
+               option value=(animation){(animation.replace('-'," "))}
+               @for (k,v) in style_option_list("animations", animation)?{
                    option value=(k){(v)}
                }
            }

src/templates/views/search.rs

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ pub fn search(
                          small{(result.url)}
                          p{(PreEscaped(&result.description))}
                          .upstream_engines{
-                            @for name in result.clone().engine{
+                            @for name in &result.engine {
                                span{(name)}
                             }
                          }

tests/index.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
-use std::net::TcpListener;
+use std::{net::TcpListener, sync::OnceLock};
 
 use websurfx::{config::parser::Config, run, templates::views};
 
+/// A static constant for holding the parsed config.
+static CONFIG: OnceLock<Config> = OnceLock::new();
+
 // Starts a new instance of the HTTP server, bound to a random available port
 async fn spawn_app() -> String {
     // Binding to port 0 will trigger the OS to assign a port for us.
     let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").expect("Failed to bind random port");
     let port = listener.local_addr().unwrap().port();
-    let config = Config::parse(false).unwrap();
-    let cache = websurfx::cache::cacher::create_cache(&config).await;
+    let config = CONFIG.get_or_init(|| Config::parse(false).unwrap());
+    let cache = websurfx::cache::cacher::create_cache(config).await;
     let server = run(listener, config, cache).expect("Failed to bind address");
 
     tokio::spawn(server);