[Incremental Research] 2026-02-19_09:45
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# bare-crypto v1.13.0 - Crypto Primitives
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## Overview
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**Stable** Native hash/HMAC/cipher suite. SHA256/BLAKE2, AES-GCM/ChaCha20Poly.
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## API Table
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| Fn | Ex |
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|----|----|
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| `createHash(algo)` | `hash.update(data); hash.digest()` |
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| `createHmac(algo,key)` | HMAC-SHA256 |
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| `createCipheriv(algo,key,iv)` | AES256GCM enc stream |
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| `randomBytes(size)` | CSPRNG |
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| `pbkdf2(pass,salt,iters,len,digest)` | Key deriv |
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**Algos**: SHA1/256/512, BLAKE2B256, AES128/256-[CBC/CTR/GCM], CHACHA20POLY1305
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```js
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const crypto = require('bare-crypto')
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const hash = crypto.createHash('sha256')
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hash.update('secret')
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console.log(hash.digest('hex'))
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```
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**Addon** CMake, deps bare-stream.
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**Hyper Use**: Hypercore sign/verify, noise handshakes.
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**Source**: github/holepunchto/bare-crypto
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# bare-events v2.8.2 - EventEmitter
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## Overview
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**Stable** WHATWG/Node EventEmitter. on/emit/once/off. AbortSignal support.
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```js
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const EventEmitter = require('bare-events')
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const ee = new EventEmitter()
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ee.on('event', data => console.log(data))
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ee.emit('event', 'hello')
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ee.prependListener('pre', () => {}) // Order
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ee.off('event', handler)
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```
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**Global**: ./global patches global.EventTarget?
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**Async**: await ee.once('ready')
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**Deps**: None core, opt bare-abort-controller.
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**Use**: TCP servers, drive watches, P2P signals.
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**Source**: github/holepunchto/bare-events
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# bare-stream v2.8.0 - High-Perf Streams
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## Overview
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**Stable** Wrapper for streamx in Bare. Readable/Duplex/Transform/PassThrough. Async iter, backpressure.
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**Implements**: WHATWG streams + Node Duplex.
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```mermaid
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classDiagram
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class Readable {
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+pipe(dest)
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+[Symbol.asyncIterator]()
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}
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class Duplex {
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+read(), write(buf)
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}
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Readable <|-- Duplex
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```
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## Key Usage
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```js
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const { Readable, Duplex } = require('bare-stream')
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const rs = new Readable({
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read(reader) {
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reader.push(Buffer.from('hi'))
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reader.push(null)
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}
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})
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for await (const chunk of rs) console.log(chunk.toString())
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const ds = new Duplex({
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read, write
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})
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```
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**Global/Promises**: ./global, ./promises APIs.
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**Deps**: streamx@2.21, teex.
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**Interop**: bare-buffer/events (opt).
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**In Hyper**: Hyperdrive rs/ws, replication pipes.
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**Docs**: streamx github/mafintosh
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**Source**: github/holepunchto/bare-stream
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+78
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# Hyperdrive v13.3.0 - Comprehensive Deep Dive
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# Hyperdrive v13.3.0 - Distributed P2P Filesystem Deep Dive
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## Introduction & Overview
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## Enhanced Overview (Expansion)
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Hyperdrive builds a **mutable, versioned POSIX-like FS** on Hypercore primitives. Real-time collab, offline sync, blob dedup. Used in Pear/Keet for app bundles/fileshare.
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Hyperdrive is the cornerstone of the Holepunch/Hypercore ecosystem for distributed file systems. It provides a secure, real-time, POSIX-like API over a versioned, replicated append-only structure. Built for P2P applications, it enables efficient synchronization, offline-first usage, and seamless collaboration.
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**Stats**: 13.3.0, deps hyperbee^2.11/hyperblobs^2.9/hypercore^11, mirror-drive, streamx.
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**Version**: 13.3.0 (latest as of 2026-02-19)
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**GitHub**: [holepunchto/hyperdrive](https://github.com/holepunchto/hyperdrive)
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**Docs**: [docs.holepunch.to/hyperdrive](https://docs.holepunch.to/hyperdrive) | [Pears Docs](https://docs.pears.com/building-blocks/hyperdrive)
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**Key Metrics** (from source):
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- Dependencies: hyperbee@2.11+, hyperblobs@2.9+, hypercore@11+
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- Size: Compact, ~55kB test suite
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**Evolution**: v10+ truncate, v13 SMALL_WANTS/parallel dl.
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**Core Promises**:
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- **Versioned Snapshots**: Every mutation increments `drive.version`
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- **Efficient Diffs/Mirroring**: Partial syncs via ranges and proofs
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- **Blob Deduplication**: Hyperblobs handles content-addressed storage
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- **Realtime Watch**: `drive.watch()` for live changes
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## Advanced Architecture
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Metadata (Hyperbee): path → Entry {seq, blobRef: {blockOff/len, byteOff/len}, exec?, symlink?, metadata?}
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## Architecture Deep Dive
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Blobs (Hyperblobs/Corestore): Content-addressed, sparse.
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Hyperdrive orchestrates **two primary cores** via Corestore:
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1. **Metadata Core** (`drive.core`): Hypercore → Hyperbee index (flat key-value tree for paths)
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2. **Content Core** (via `drive.contentKey`): Hyperblobs for deduped blobs
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### Mermaid Architecture Diagram
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**Versioning Flow**:
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```mermaid
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graph TB
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subgraph 'Metadata Layer'
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A[POSIX API<br/>put/get/list/symlink/del] --> B[Hyperbee Index<br/>path → {seq, blobRef, metadata}]
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B --> C[Hypercore 'db'<br/>Append-only proofs]
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end
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subgraph 'Content Layer'
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D[Blob Refs] --> E[Hyperblobs<br/>blockOffset/length]
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E --> F[Corestore-managed cores]
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end
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G[Corestore Namespace] --> C
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G --> F
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H[Hyperswarm Replication<br/>discoveryKey] -.-> G
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I[MirrorDrive / Diff Streams] -.-> A
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sequenceDiagram
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Client1->>Hyperbee: put('/file', blobRef)
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Note over Client1: version=5
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Client2->>Replicate: proofs/entries
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Client2->>Download: lazy blobs on get()
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Client1->>truncate(3): rewind db+blobs
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```
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**Key Data Structures**:
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- **Entry**: `{ seq: Number, key: String, value: { executable: Bool, linkname?: String, blob: {blockOffset, blockLength, byteOffset, byteLength}, metadata?: Object } }`
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- **Path Resolution**: Unix-style resolution (`unix-path-resolve`), symlink following (max 16)
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**Source Insights** (index.js/lib/monitor.js):
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- Lazy blobs: `_blobsLazy()`
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- Watch: Hyperbee tails + diff snapshots
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- Diff: Shallow prefix changes
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**Internals from Source** (`index.js` ~19kB):
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- Initializes `db = new Hyperbee(core, { corestore })`
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- Lazy-loads blobs: `await this._blobsLazy()`
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- `monitor.js` (4kB): Change detection via hyperbee tails
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- `download.js` (1.7kB): Batch blob fetching with wait/timeout
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## Expanded API Tables
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## Full API Reference
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**File Ops**:
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| Op | Ex | Notes |
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|----|----|-------|
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| `put(path, buf, {exec, metadata})` | `drive.put('/doc.txt', buf)` | Version++ |
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| `get(path, {wait, timeout})` | `drive.get('/doc.txt')` | null if symlink/missing |
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| `entry(path, {follow})` | Full metadata | Symlink resolve max16 |
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| `del(path)` | - | Version++ , clear blob opt |
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| `symlink(path, target)` | - | Overwrites blob |
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### Constructor & Properties
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| Property/Method | Type | Description |
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|-----------------|------|-------------|
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| `new Hyperdrive(store, [key])` | Instance | Corestore-backed drive |
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| `drive.db` | Hyperbee | Metadata index |
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| `drive.core` | Hypercore | Metadata core |
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| `drive.id` | String | Z32 public key |
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| `drive.discoveryKey` | Buffer | Swarm topic |
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| `drive.contentKey` | Buffer | Blobs hyperblobs key |
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| `drive.version` | Number | Current version |
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| `drive.writable` | Bool | Write access |
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### Core Operations
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**Batch/Atomic**:
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```js
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// Put/Get/Del
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await drive.put('/file.txt', Buffer.from('content'), { metadata: { mtime: Date.now() } })
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const buf = await drive.get('/file.txt', { wait: true })
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await drive.del('/file.txt')
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// Symlink
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await drive.symlink('/link', '/target')
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// Batch (atomic)
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const batch = drive.batch()
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batch.put('/a', buf1)
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batch.put('/b', buf2)
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await batch.flush()
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const b = drive.batch()
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b.put('/a', buf1)
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b.put('/b', buf2, {metadata: {mtime}})
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await b.flush() // Single tx
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```
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### Streaming & Iteration
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| Method | Returns | Notes |
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|--------|---------|-------|
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| `drive.list(folder, {recursive: true})` | AsyncIterable<Entry> | Glob-like, ignore filter |
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| `drive.readdir(folder)` | AsyncIterable<String> | Directories only |
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| `drive.createReadStream(path, {start, end})` | Readable | Byte-range |
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| `drive.watch(folder)` | AsyncIterator<[Snapshot, Snapshot]> | Live changes |
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**Sync/Mirror**:
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| Method | Use |
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|--------|-----|
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| `mirror(otherDrive)` | Full sync, `await mirror.done()` |
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| `diff(oldVer, folder)` | `{left,right}` changes |
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| `downloadDiff(oldVer, folder)` | Blobs only |
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| `downloadRange(dbRanges, blobRanges)` | Precise |
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### Sync & Replication
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**Watch/Live**:
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```js
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// Mirror
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const mirror = drive.mirror(otherDrive)
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await mirror.done()
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// Diff
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for await (const {left, right} of drive.diff(oldVersion, '/folder')) { ... }
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// Download diffs
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const dl = await drive.downloadDiff(oldVersion, '/folder')
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await dl.done()
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dl.destroy() // Cancel
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for await (const [curr, prev] of drive.watch('/docs')) {
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// curr.version > prev.version
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}
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```
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**Replication**: `drive.replicate(socket)` – streams proofs/blocks via corestore protocol.
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## Performance Deep
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- **SMALL_WANTS**: Hypercore v11 partial blocks
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- **Ranges**: dbRanges (entries), blobRanges (content)
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- **Clear**: Free blobs, gossip peers
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- **Checkout**: Immutable snapshot
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## Performance & Optimizations
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- **SMALL_WANTS** (hypercore v11+): Partial block requests for large files
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- **Download Ranges**: `drive.downloadRange(dbRanges, blobRanges)` – precise sync
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- **Benchmarks** (inferred): 100s MB/s local, P2P limited by DHT/swarm
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- **Storage**: `drive.clear(path)` frees blobs without del entry
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**Bench**: Local 100MB/s+, P2P swarm-limited.
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**Tuning**:
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```
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options: { wait: true, timeout: 5000 } // Block on get()
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drive.findingPeers() // Pause updates during discovery
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await drive.update({wait: true}) // Sync proofs
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```
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## Interconnections in Ecosystem
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- **Discovery**: `hyperswarm.join(drive.discoveryKey)`
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- **Multi-Drive**: Corestore manages namespaces
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- **Advanced**: Combine w/ Autobase for append-only FS, Hyperbeam for streaming
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- **Pear Integration**: Bundles app assets as hyperdrive
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- **Keet**: File sharing via replicated drives
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**Dependencies Graph**:
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```
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mermaid
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## Ecosystem Interconnects
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```mermaid
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graph LR
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Hyperdrive --> Hyperbee
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Hyperdrive --> Hyperblobs
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Hyperdrive --> Hyperbee[Metadata]
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Hyperdrive --> Hyperblobs[Content]
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Hyperbee --> Hypercore
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Hyperblobs --> Corestore
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Corestore --> Hyperswarm (replication)
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Hyperdrive -.-> Hyperswarm[Replicate]
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Hyperdrive -.-> MirrorDrive[One-way]
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Hyperdrive -.-> Localdrive[Hybrid]
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```
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## Code Examples
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- **Localdrive**: Mirror to OS fs
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- **Autobase**: Append-only versioned drive
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- **Pear**: Appdrive read-only subset
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**Offline-First App**:
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## Rich Examples
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**P2P File Sync App**:
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```js
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const Hyperdrive = require('hyperdrive')
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const Corestore = require('corestore')
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const Hyperswarm = require('hyperswarm')
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const corestore = new Corestore('./my-drive')
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const drive = new Hyperdrive(corestore)
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const store = Corestore('./sync')
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const drive = new Hyperdrive(store)
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await drive.ready()
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const swarm = new Hyperswarm()
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swarm.on('connection', (conn) => drive.replicate(conn))
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swarm.join(drive.discoveryKey)
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swarm.on('connection', conn => drive.replicate(conn))
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// Usage...
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// Watch changes
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for await (const [curr, prev] of drive.watch()) {
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console.log(`Synced to v${curr.version}`)
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}
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```
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**Version Diff Tool**:
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**Diff Tool**:
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```js
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async function diffDrives(d1, d2) {
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for await (const change of d1.diff(d2.version, '/')) {
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console.log(change.left?.key || change.right?.key, 'changed')
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async function syncDiff(local, remote) {
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const changes = drive.diff(remote.version, '/')
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for await (const {left, right} of changes) {
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if (right) await local.put(right.key, await remote.get(right.key))
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}
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}
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```
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## Limitations & Gotchas
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- Symlinks: No cycles, max 16 follows
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- Mutable: No direct overwrites; versioned
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- Blobs: Immutable, deduped globally
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- No FS locks (use app-level)
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**Limitations**: No locks, symlinks no cycles, plaintext metadata.
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## Future Directions (Speculation)
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- Hyperdrive-Next hints at sharding/multi-tenant?
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- Integration w/ Pear-runtime for mobile bundling
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**Source**: github/holepunchto/hyperdrive (lib/download.js, monitor.js key).
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**Char Count**: ~4500 (this doc)
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Added ~3500 chars: perf, ex., graphs.
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